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IGO Primo (for Apple iOS, PND/PNA devices), introduced in 2010, is as of 2015 the primary product of the iGO Navigation range. Version 6 was introduced at the end of 2012, with search, green routing, [ ] extras through in-app purchase, real-time traffic monitoring, TTS Pro, and 3D display of junctions. IGO Primo app for devices was introduced at Hannover, 2011. Running on the iGO primo software engine, the refreshed application covers 115 countries with location-based search, green routing and improved junction views. And versions are available to manufacturers and network providers, but not for retail sale. Naviextras [ ] Naviextras.com, NNG's map and content update portal, provides updates for iGO 8, iGO amigo and iGO primo. The portal typically releases map updates four times a year. Maps and updates are available for over 90 countries and regions, including countries from Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Middle East, Asia, and Oceania. In 2013, the portal supports 5.200 devices and counts close to 1.8 million registered users globally. As NNG is an independent map provider, it works with several map suppliers in different geographical regions. There are different versions of maps running on the iGO Navigation software for the same country or region made by different map suppliers, including,, Sensis and regional providers. Partnerships [ ] In 2013, NNG partnered with Logicom, with an intention to provide the iGO navigation software services to the latter's mappy PNDs. See also [ ] • References [ ]. Archived from on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-14. 9.6.5.257901 - - 320x240,480x234,480x272,800x480. Igo primo 480x234 torrent download on Megatorrent.eu search - iGO Primo 2 4 9 6 13 267029 WinCE November 2012 320x240 480x234 480x272 800x480, Torrents Files.GJA skin for Primo 1.1. Version 2.24 Requirements: Primo 1.1 (Green routing) GPS. Download Do igo8 2012 gratis >> iGo Amigo e uma solucao. 9.2.0.191493 Completo 3D O novo igo. Retrieved 2013-12-14. • Matthew Morley.. Retrieved 2013-12-14. • January 3, 2010, at the. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2017-09-22. Telematics News. Retrieved 2017-09-22. External links [ ] • •. ![]() Date: 2017-12-24 What's new: ver 3.0.3✓ Application Size reduced to 2.5 mb✓ Fixed major bugsver 3.0.0✓ New Modern Design✓ Multiple App Share✓ Multiple App Uninstall✓ Auto Refresh On Uninstall✓ Auto Refresh On Install✓ App Info Activity✓ Change Sort Direction On Next Click✓ Increased Performance 50%✓ Added Selected App Count and Size on Statusbar✓ Added Total App Count and Size on Statusbar✓ Quick Sort✓ Quick Search and etc.ver 2.6.0✓ Improved Sharing Options✓ Added Default Sort Type (Application Date). Download Easy Uninstaller 1.3 (14) last and all apk mirror version history for Android. Key people Stephen Berman (Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer) (Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President) Revenue $804.3 million (2010) Website Jakks Pacific, Inc. Is an American company that designs and markets toys and consumer products, with a range of products that feature numerous children's toy licenses. The company is named after its founder,, who also presided over the company until his death in May 2010. ![]() Comprehensive Plug-n-Play Listing Guide; Comprehensive Plug-n-Play Listing History; Jakks Pacific and Radica Packaging Evolution; Japanese Plug-n-Play Market History since ~2000. The following files are the various versions of the supplemental plug-n-play game system listings published in the AtariAge topic. Jakks' produces action figures, electronics, dolls, dress-up, role play, Halloween costumes, kids furniture, vehicles, plush, art activity kits, seasonal products, infant/preschool, construction toys, and pet toys sold under various proprietary brands including Jakks Pacific, Creative Designs International,, Funnoodle, Go Fly a Kite, Jakks Pets, EyeClops,, Girl Gourmet, Kids Only!, Tollytots and Disguise. Jakks is a licensee of several hundred trademarks including, and. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Jakks Pacific, Inc. Was founded in 1995. Jakks acquired several companies including, Child Guidance, and in 1997, Berk and Flying Colors in 1999, Pentech in 2000, Toymax, Go Fly A Kite and Funnoodle in 2002, Color Workshop and in 2003, in 2004, Pet Pal Corp. In 2005, Creative Designs International in 2006, and Kids Only Toys, Tollytots, and Disguise in 2008. In 2010, the company formed Pacific Animation Partners LLC, a joint venture between it and, and, to launch the property in 2012. In 2012, Jakks Pacific announced the successful negotiation of licences for and, promoting new toy ranges at the New York and other International Toy Fairs. In 2014, the company launched Jakks Meisheng Trading, a joint venture with Meisheng Culture and Creative Corp., to bring its toys to. In 2016, the two created Studio JP, a joint venture to produce animation. Products [ ] Plug It In & Play TV Games [ ] Plug It In & Play TV Games interactive products are a series of devices produced by Jakks Pacific. When connected to a, the user is able to play a pre-defined selection of. Some models are collections of ports of games by companies such as and, while others are collections of original games. Some versions facilitate the addition of games, via proprietary expansion cards, and/or include wireless features. List of TV Games by Jakks Pacific [ ]. This list is; you can help. • • • • • • The Batman • Big Buck Hunter Pro • Big Buck Safari • Blue's Room • • • • series • • series • • • • • • • • series • series • Jeopardy! • • • and series () • Nicktoons series • • series • • • Retro Arcade featuring • Scooby Doo • • • Spider-Man series • series • series • • Super Silly Makeover • Tele-Doodle • Thomas The Tank Engine • Triple Header Sports • • series • Ultimotion series (Unlicensed Clones) • Zombie Hunter • • • series • • World Poker Tour Visual electronics [ ] • - A 200X magnifying device that plugs into a TV. • Multi-Zoom - An EyeClops with 100X, 200X, and 400X magnification. • - An infrared night vision device, in head-mounted and neck-strapped models. • - A portable version of the EyeClops with an LCD screen, and the ability to save pictures and videos to a USB storage device. Handheld games [ ] • - A handheld game, which can be docked into a TV adapter. • - A handheld game, where the player uses their animal to attack the computer's, or a friend's (wirelessly). Spartacus: Gods of the Arena Genre Historical drama Created by Written by Steven S. DeKnight Aaron Helbing Todd Helbing Seamus Kevin Fahey Misha Green Directed by Jesse Warn Starring Theme music composer Joseph Loduca Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. This is Spartacus. Creator: Steven S. Actors: Manu Bennett, Daniel Feuerriegel, Peter Mensah, Lucy Lawless. Size/File.: 350-500MB|.mkv. Source 1.: 720p.BluRay.x264.DD5.1-CtrlHD. Source 2.: 720p.BluRay.x264.DD5.1-DON Source 3.: 720p.BluRay.x264.DTS-NTb. Of episodes 6 Production Producer(s) Steven S. DeKnight Chloe Smith Aaron Lam Editor(s) Allanah Milne Running time 300 minutes Release Original network Original release January 21 ( 2011-01-21) – February 25, 2011 ( 2011-02-25) Chronology Preceded by Followed by External links Website Spartacus: Gods of the Arena is a television broadcast by American cable TV, as a to, which premiered January 21, 2011. ![]() ![]() The series follows the character Gannicus (), the first representing to become Champion of. Cast members and characters reprised from the original series include as, as Lucretia, as, as Ashur, as Naevia, as Barca, and as. The miniseries aired in Canada on and, on in the United Kingdom and on in Latin America. Main article: Slaves • as – a gladiator who is the champion of the Batiatus' ludus. • as /Doctore – an gladiator who later becomes the doctore of Batiatus' gladiators. • as Melitta – Lucretia's body slave, the wife of Oenomaus and the secret lover of Gannicus. • as – a new gladiatorial recruit. • as Ashur – a new gladiatorial recruit. • as Dagan – a gladiatorial recruit who cannot speak, and fellow Syrian to Ashur. • as Barca – a Carthaginian gladiator. • as Auctus – a gladiator and Barca's lover. • as Ulpius/Doctore – Oenomaus' predecessor as the trainer of Batiatus' gladiators. • as Naevia – a young house-slave. • as Diona - a house-slave and Naevia's friend who loses her virginity at the whim of Cossutius. Romans • as Quintus – a • as Lucretia – Batiatus' wife. • as Gaia – a social climber and Lucretia's friend. • Craig Walsh Wrightson as Marcus Decius Solonius – Batiatus' close friend who has aspirations of becoming a lanista himself. • as Titus Lentulus Batiatus – Quintus Batiatus' father and the of the House of Batiatus. • as Tullius – Batiatus' brutal business rival. • as Vettius – owner of a rival ludus. • Jason Hood as Cossutius – a wealthy man who lives outside of Capua. Episodes [ ]. See also: No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. Viewers (millions) 1 'Past Transgressions' January 21, 2011 ( 2011-01-21) 1.10 Opening around five years before the arrival of Spartacus, Batiatus finds himself administering his father's, while his father is in living in semi-retirement. Seeking fame, he (with the support of his old friend Solonius) tries to win favor with a local nobleman, Tullius, by paying 50 dinars for a Gallic slave worth only 10 named Crixus - by noting his potential to be a great fighter. Arriving at the ludus, Crixus soon meets veteran gladiator Oenomaus (who has a slave wife named Melitta), as well as Syrian slave recruits Ashur and Dagan. Meanwhile, Lucretia welcomes the sudden return to Capua of Gaia, a young but recently widowed friend, and 'party girl' from Rome who is attracted to both the delights of the ludus and of opium. In an attempt to participate in the opening games of the soon to be completed arena, Batiatus selects his most skilled gladiator, Gannicus the Celt, the original champion of the House of Batiatus, for a duel in the marketplace. Unknown to Batiatus, however, is that young Vettius, the owner of a rival ludus, is merely an agent of Tullius -- leading to deadly consequences as he is soon outmaneuvered in his own game. Tullius wishes to purchase Gannicus and when Batiatus refuses the offer, he is savagely beaten. 2 'Missio' & January 28, 2011 ( 2011-01-28) 1.14 A week has now passed since the murder of his bodyguard and severe beating at the hands of Tullius' men and Batiatus continues to recover. Tullius sends him a message, via Batiatus' good friend Solonius, and offers to double his offer for Gannicus to 400. Batiatus is in no mood to compromise, however, and soon plans his own revenge on Vettius with the aid of the Syrians. Quintillius Varis comes to Capua to select gladiators for his games, but Gaia and Lucretia seemingly bump into him, and offer to have him wait at Batiatus' house -- where Batiatus will seemingly act surprised, but then offer his ludus' services instead. Meanwhile, Doctore is irked when Batiatus criticizes him as his father's man, and names Oenomaus to succeed him. Shamed, he suddenly challenges Oenomaus to a duel, in which Oenomaus eventually kills him and becomes the new Doctore. Meanwhile, inside the ludus, Gannicus (victorious from his bout with Crixus) and Melitta are ordered to have sex for Varis' entertainment, leaving both of them troubled, but with Batiatus succeeding in securing the position of primus for Gannicus in the upcoming games. 3 'Paterfamilias' February 4, 2011 ( 2011-02-04) 1.26 Batiatus is pleased with himself for having arranged Varis' primus. He and the household are not, however, prepared for the sudden return of the and, his father, Titus, who treats his son's caretaking skills with disdain. He laughs when he hears that Gannicus will represent the house in the games, and sets out to make amends with Tullius, thereby undermining most of the younger Batiatus' schemes. Titus manages to mend relations with Tullius and follows his terms, to pit his own men against each other in some more honorable afternoon games. While father and son are away, Varis returns to the Batiatus home with a friend, Cossutius, expecting to again experience the pleasures of his previous visit, this time with one of the virgin slave women - Diona. In the arena, Barca's lover Auctus and newcomer Crixus, duel in the arena and the lesser experienced Crixus manages to kill him, thereby earning the mark of the brotherhood. Surprised by his son's newfound gladiator, the father sees some merit in his son's plans and abilities after all, and decides never to leave the ludus again - much to his son's chagrin. 4 'Beneath the Mask' Brendan Maher Seamus Kevin Fahey & Misha Green February 11, 2011 ( 2011-02-11) 1.11 The tensions between the younger and the elder Batiatus continue, particularly in the old arena where the elder continually reminds his son of his place and station. At home, the Roman women are also having difficulty accepting the father's ongoing - and seemingly permanent - presence. When Gaia meets an acquaintance at the market, she introduces him to Lucretia and he immediately comments on the pleasures available at her home. Gaia again sees an opportunity, but the elder Batiatus would never condone such debauchery. His son, however, manages to convince him to leave for, ostensibly to purchase new slaves and receive the salt air. Lucretia agrees to proceed, with Solonius as chaperone, and the night seems to go well, until the unexpected arrival of Tullius, who wishes to fight Gannicus - a duel the gladiator is ordered to lose. Recovering from his wounds, Gannicus is, however, able to share an intimate moment with Melitta. During their liaison, Gaia underestimates Tullius and she dies at his hand. The sudden return of the Batiatus' father simply make matters worse yet again, particularly for Lucretia. 5 'Reckoning' February 18, 2011 ( 2011-02-18) 1.38 In the wake of Gaia's death, Batiatus senior resolves to cleanse the house of her presence. In responding to his father's ultimatum that he choose between his home and his wife, Batiatus attempts to gain time is not appreciated by Lucretia who believes she would have him leave. She also has her own solution to her husband's desire for a son - via a liaison with Gallic virility in the form of Crixus. Meanwhile, Titus announces a tournament to determine the worth of the new men that make up half his stable of gladiators, with the losers to be sent to the mines. Tullius again visits the ludus, still seeking Gannicus while offering preferential matches in the new arena. Meanwhile, Melitta and Gannicus increasingly desire after one another, but Gannicus, sensing despair, deliberately lowers his guard allowing Crixus to win and sealing his sale to Tullius. Titus, weakened and now bedridden by the ongoing poisonings of Lucretia, finds himself at her mercy when the others leave seeking medicine. He is finally silenced by the honeyed-wine given to him by Tullius but poisoned by her - and, perhaps deliberately, so is Melitta. Quintus and Doctore return, and begin to mourn the dead. 6 'The Bitter End' Rick Jacobson Steven S. DeKnight February 25, 2011 ( 2011-02-25) 1.72 Batiatus now seeks vengeance against Tullius for all that has befallen him, including the death of his father. Gannicus pushes Batiatus to complete his sale to Tullius so that he may seek revenge for the House of Batiatus by killing Tullius himself, but Solonius counsels caution and a more sensible, if final, solution. Meanwhile, Naevia replaces Melitta as the personal body-slave to Lucretia, who promises her that no man will ever touch her as happened to Diona. In the end, Tullius and Vettius both fall into the trap - Tullius is bricked into the foundations of the new arena, and at the opening of the new Capua arena, Vettius informs of the sale of his ludus to Solonius and departs for Antioch. Batiatus now has a new rival, his former friend whom he has distanced by his continual rebukes, and one willing to use his own methods against him. The opening games begin with the execution of captured fugitives (including Diona), and after winning the final mass night-battle of the opening ceremony, Gannicus (at Solonius' suggestion) receives his freedom from the magistrate. He soon departs the ludus - but not before entrusting his champion necklace to Crixus. Production [ ] The opportunity to produce Gods of the Arena emerged when the second season of was halted while lead actor battled. Series creator and expanded a single episode for the second season into a six-part mini-series. Production for Gods of the Arena began in in August 2010. References [ ]. • Harris, Bill (August 12, 2010).... Retrieved September 21, 2010. • Seidman, Robert (January 24, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2011. • Gorman, Bill (January 31, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2011. • Seidman, Robert (February 7, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2011. • Seidman, Robert (February 14, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2011. • Seidman, Robert (February 22, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2011. • Seidman, Robert (February 28, 2011).. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 1, 2011. • Fowler, Matt (August 7, 2010)... Retrieved September 21, 2010. • Kennedy, Gerrick D. (August 7, 2010).... Retrieved September 21, 2010. • Hibberd, James (September 27, 2010).. Retrieved September 28, 2010. External links [ ]. A week has passed since he received his severe beating at the hands of Tullius' men and Batiatus has now recovered sufficiently to leave his bed. Tullius sends him a message to the effect that he acted hastily and offers a compromise. Batiatus is in no mood to compromise however and plans his own revenge. Quintillius Varis comes to Capua to select gladiators for his games and Gaia, who knows him, plots to have him come to Batiatus' house. Batiatus will seemingly go to any length to impress Varis but his blind enthusiasm does not sit well with the men. Batiatus is pleased with himself having arranged for Gannicus to appear in the primus of Quintillius Varis' games. He is not however prepared for the return of his father Titus who arrives home to find his son cavorting with Gaia and Lecretia. He treats his son with disdain and has heard of the mess he's made of things with Tullius. He laughs when he hears that Gannicus will represent the house in the games and sets out to undo everything they young Batiatus has managed to arrange. Titus arranges a peace of sorts with Tullius and for several of their gladiators to. The younger Batiatus is having more than just a bit of difficulty accepting his father's ongoing - and seemingly permanent - presence at home. The patriarch refuses to take on the powerful Tullius and continually tells his son to learn his place. When Gaia sees someone she had once met in Rome, she introduces him to Lucretia and he immediately comments on what he has heard about the pleasures available at her home. Gaia again sees an opportunity to make gains for the House of Batiatus but the elder Batiatus would never allow such revelry in their so they convince him. Gaia's death strengthens Quintus Batiatus' resolve to get revenge against Tullius. The elder Batiatus invites Tullius to his home and is offered prime places in the forthcoming games, in return for Gannicus. In the arena, the elder Batiatus has decided to assess the skills of his gladiators, most of whom he is unfamiliar with, by having them fight one another. As for his father's ultimatum that he choose between his home and his wife, the younger Batiatus' attempts to gain time is not appreciated by Lucretia who believes she would have him leave. He convinces her. Batiatus mourns the death of his father and blames Tullius for all that has befallen them. Gannicus pushes Batiatus to complete his sale to Tullius so that he may seek revenge for the House of Batiatus but Solonius counsels caution and a more sensible, if final, solution. Solonius protects his own position as well, however. Naevia replaces Melitta and Lucretia promises that no man will ever touch her as happened to Diona, who makes an unexpected return. The new arena is complete and the games begin. The gladiators of the House of Batiatus emerge triumphant with Crixus. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. The key is to keep improving—and to keep it free. We have only 150 staff but run one of the world’s top websites. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. The Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! This item: Emotion in the Human Face by Paul Ekman Paperback $24.29. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. FREE Shipping on orders over $25. Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. ![]() If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Sugar free - jeff lorber fusion* - now is the time - Jeff Lorber - Sugar Free 2010 Label: Heads Up International - HUI-32029-02 • Format: CD Album • Country: US • Genre: Jazz • Style: Smooth Jazz, Contemporary Jazz Chords for Jeff Lorber - Sugar Free 99. 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This is the night tonight, so show me what it's all for, show me what it's all for. This is the night tonight, So open up your heart the way you open up, my door. This is the night tonight, so baby show me what it's all for, This is the night tonight, So open up your heart the way you open up, open up my door. (repeat until fading). Alpukat dan madu adalah salah satu kombinasi terbaik untuk mengatasi masalah jerawat. Madu, bahan alami yang dikenal sejak dulu memiliki banyak manfaat untuk kulit karena mengandung hidrogen peroksida yang bersifat antibakteri. Sementara alpukat kaya akan vitamin E yang dapat menembus pori – pori kulit dan mengurangi peradangan pada kulit. Ambil daging buah alpukat dan masukkan ke dalam wadah Haluskan daging buah alpukat Tambahkan satu sendok madu lalu aduk hingga rata Tambahkan juga perasan lemon (opsional) Aplikasikan masker pada wajah yang berjerawat selama 15 – 20 menit Bilas dengan air hangat. Cara Membuat Aplikasi dan Game. Klik button browse pada bagian bawah sendiri. Downloader Media Player Patch & Crack software Tips & Trick Uninstaller. Kalaulah anda yakin anda cantik - maka cantiklah diri anda itu dan sebaliknya. Tapi terpulanglah pada individu, cara, kaedah & ramuan menghargai diri mungkin berbeda yar. Seketoi nite cream tu jar dah 290 henget. Kalo tak pakai rugi.duit sendiri plak tu.lainlah kalau hadiah harijadi. ![]() Sedikit tentang The Walking Dead Season 4. Setelah membawa masuk penduduk Woodbury yang tersisa agar dapat bergabung berasama mereka, hari demi hari berlalu di dalam penjara tanpa ada masalah. Rick sudah banyak berubah. Setelah mengundurkan diri dari pemimpin grup, Rick memutuskan untuk bertani dan berternak babi. Rick bahkan menolak untuk membawa senjata api karena dia ingin menjadi contoh yang baik bagi putranya. Bagaimana kisah selanjutnya? EPISODE 1 -| Mediafire EPISODE 2 -| Mediafire EPISODE 3 -| Mediafire EPISODE 4 -| Mediafire EPISODE 5 -| Mediafire EPISODE 6 -| Mediafire EPISODE 7 -| Mediafire EPISODE 8 -| Mediafire EPISODE 9 -| Mediafire EPISODE 10 -| Mediafire EPISODE 11 -| Mediafire EPISODE 12 -| Mediafire EPISODE 13 -| Mediafire EPISODE 14 -| Mediafire EPISODE 15 -| Mediafire EPISODE 16 -| Mediafire Download Subtitle Indonesia| Mungkin cuman itu aja post kali ini, maaf kalau linknya dikit soalnya susah buat uploadnya, tapi itu aja udah cukuplah daripada ngak ada. Kalau ada linknya yang mati atau pertanyaan bisa tanya di komen bawah. Sakit hati bisa menimpa siapa saja, laki-laki ataupun perempuan, tua atau pun muda. Penyebabnya pun macam-macam. Bisa karena cinta, bisa karena ucapan kasar, atau sebab lainnya. Untuk kali ini kita akan kupas bagaimana cara menghilangkan sakit hati dan patah hati karena cinta yang tak berbalas. Sakit hati semacam ini biasanya dialami oleh para remaja. Mungkin si dia yang dicintainya tak membalas cinta yang kita berikan. Sehingga hati ini pun merasa sakit dibuatnya. Jika itu yang terjadi, pertama merasakannya mungkin hati akan sangat terasa pedih. ![]() Hidup ini mungkin dirasa tak berarti lagi. Sebab sang pujaan hati telah mencampakkan cinta tulus kita dengan semena-mena. Kita pun mudah menjadi murung, sedih dan kehilangan semangat. Hendak melakukan apapun rasanya tak ada gairah. Lalu bagaimana solusinya? Setelah itu, mulailah sadari bahwa putus cinta atau rasa patah hati ini bukan akhir dari segalanya. Kita merupakan orang yang kuat, yang tak mudah ambruk hanya karena persoalan cinta. Ingatlah bahwa si dia bukan segalanya. Masih banyak orang yang mencintai kita. Orang tua kita, sahabat-sahabat kita, saudara-saudara kita. Mereka semua mencurahkan segenap rasa kasih sayangnya pada kita tanpa pamrih. Selanjutnya boleh juga kita curhat pada teman dekat atau saudara dan mungkin orangtua untuk menceritakan apa yang terjadi. Ungkapkan semua yang ingin dikatakan. Dengan begitu kita merasa punya teman untuk berbagi masalah yang sedang kita hadapi. Tips menghilangkan sakit hati berikutnya adalah dengan menumbuhkan pikiran dan sikap positif. Yakinlah bahwa kita ini kuat, perjalanan hidup kita masih panjang, dan cobaan semacam ini justru akan membuat kita semakin kuat. Gunakan pembersih wajah yang sesuai dengan karakter kulit. Kulit berminyak tentu berbeda perawatannya dengan kulit kering. Bila jerawat muncul, biarkan saja dan jangan dicoba untuk disentuh atau dipecahkan karena justru akan memperparah jerawat anda. Sebaiknya hindari pemakaian kosmetik yang berlebihan terutama saat istirahat. Cara mencegah jerawat secara alami bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan tertentu. Bahan yang paling sering digunakan adalah lemon atau jeruk nipis. Lemon atau jeruk nipis sangat kaya akan asam sitrat. Asam sitrat berguna untuk membersihkan sel-sel rusak atau sel mati pada kulit. Cara pemakaiannya yaitu dengan mencampur air perasan lemon dengan air mawar. Campuran ini kemudian dioleskan pada wajah kemudian bilas dengan air hangat. Terapi ini sudah terbukti mampu mengurangi kadar minyak pada wajah. Cara lainnya bisa dengan menggunakan putih telur. Caranya putih telur dipisahkan dari kuning telur, kemudian dikocok sebentar dan oleskan pada wajah. Diamkan selama 15 menit kemudian bilas dengan air bersih. Terapi ini juga mampu mengurangi kadar minyak di wajah. Jerawat merupakan hal normal dan setiap manusia bisa dipastikan pernah mengalaminya. Namun dengan perawatan wajah yang teratur, resiko jerawat tentu akan berkurang. Pada intinya cara mencegah jerawat adalah selalu mengkondisikan wajah yang bersih bebas dari kotoran dan bakteri. Penggunaan bahan alami untuk mencegah jerawat akan lebih baik karena mengurangi pemakaian zat kimia pada wajah. SAI atau Easy Paint Tool SAI adalah editor grafis raster ringan dan perangkat lunak lukisan untuk Microsoft Windows dikembangkan dan diterbitkan oleh Systemax Software. Pengembangan perangkat lunak mulai pada tanggal 2 Agustus 2004, dan versi alpha pertama dirilis pada tanggal 13 Oktober, rilis resmi 2006. SAI (1.0.0) adalah pada tanggal 25 Februari 2008, dan preview pembaruan dirilis tak lama setelah. Revisi perangkat lunak saat ini, 1.1.0 dirilis pada tahun 2008. Beta Systemax telah menerbitkan revisi berikutnya, yang terakhir adalah 1.2.0 Beta 5 dirilis pada tahun 2013. Seperti tercatat pada tahun 1763-1767 di Virginia, siapapun bisa terkena hukuman pidana dan dipenjarakan untuk tidak menanam ganja. Ya, pernah sepenting itu tumbuhan ganja untuk sebuah peradaban, sampai pada akhirnya diawal abad 19 semua tentang ganja seolah terdiskriminasi. Secara lebih terperinci, semua berawal ketika terbukanya celah di bidang pertanian, khususnya dibagian barat Amerika. Ketika itu tercatat awal tahun 1900-an, ketika pecahnya revolusi Meksiko dan banyak masuknya warga Meksiko ke Amerika, yang secara tidak langsung menimbulkan perang dingin antara petani kecil dan penguasa ladang-ladang besar (yang tak lagi memakai jasa petani lokal dan mengganti mereka dengan buruh Meksiko berupah jauh lebih rendah). “Marihuana makes fiends of boys in thirty days — Hashish goads users to bloodlust. By the tons it is coming into this country — the deadly, dreadful poison that racks and tears not only the body, but the very heart and soul of every human being who once becomes a slave to it in any of its cruel and devastating forms. Marihuana is a short cut to the insane asylum. Smoke marihuana cigarettes for a month and what was once your brain will be nothing but a storehouse of horrid specters. Hasheesh makes a murderer who kills for the love of killing out of the mildest mannered man who ever laughed at the idea that any habit could ever get him.” Dan satu lagi dari dari koran yang terbit secara nasional. Ganja dapat dibuat menjadi bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor. Terlebih Randolph Hearst, yang sebenarnya menyadari ancaman dari ganja terhadap industri kertasnya lebih awal. Selain pabrik kertas dari kayu, Hearst, yang juga mengepalai perusahaan percetakan dan penerbit koran sudah melakukan intimidasi terhadap ganja sejak 1898. Dimulai setelah ditemukannya 800.000 hektar ladang ganja di area hutan kayu miliknya di Meksiko. Nyaris 3 dekade setelahnya, Hearst menjadikan ganja sebagai kambing hitam di setiap halaman utama korannya. Salah satu contohnya adalah, ketika Hearst mengklaim bahwa hampir seluruh kekerasan, perkosaan oleh kulit hitam terhadap kulit putih dilatarbelakangi oleh ganja. Cannabinoid = Kelompok senyawa terpenophenolic yang terdapat dalam tanaman Cannabis sativa L dan diproduksi secara alami dalam sistem saraf dan sistem kekebalan tubuh hewan dan manusia. Ada tiga jenis senyawa cannabinoid: fitocannabinoid yang dihasilkan secara alami oleh tanaman ganja, endogenous cannabinoid atau endocannabinoid yang diproduksi alami oleh tubuh manusia dan hewan; serta cannabinoid sintetis, senyawa serupa yang dihasilkan di dalam laboratorium. ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid). Retrograde signalling = Dalam neurosains, retrogade signalling adalah fenomena dimana sinyal bergerak dari sel saraf postsinaptik ke sel saraf presinaptik. Endocannabinoid diketahui memainkan peran dalam retrogade signalling, dengan molekul yang disintesis pada sel saraf postsinaptik dan bekerja pada sel saraf presinaptik. Retrogade signalling juga berperan dalam LTP (long term potentiation), sebuah mekanisme yang diperkirakan mendasari proses belajar dan pembentukan memori, walaupun hal ini masih kontroversial. ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_signaling). Long-term potentiation = Dalam neurosains, long-term potentiation (LTP) adalah bentuk jangka panjang dari plastisitas sinaptik. Secara khusus, ini adalah peningkatan jangka panjang dalam komunikasi antara dua neuron yang dihasilkan dari merangsang keduanya secara bersamaan. Neuron berkomunikasi lewat sinaps, dan secara teoritis memori diperkirakan dibentuk oleh modifikasi sinaps ini; sehingga LTP dipertimbangkan sebagai mekanisme selular yang mendasari proses belajar dan pembentukan memori. ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation). 10,000 BC to 1-BC 10,000 BC Cannabis Hemp has been grown for at least the last 12,000 years for fiber (textiles and paper) and food. 8,000 BC Earliest Known Use of Cannabis in China and Taiwan. Prehistoric evidence of people using the cannabis plant for fiber 5500 BC Earliest known depiction of cannabis hemp in existence from Kyushu Island, Japan 4500 BC China: Hemp is used for rope and fishnets 6000 BC Cannabis seeds used as food in China. 3500 BC The Egyptians use hemp rope and scaffolding to construct pyramids over 5,000 years ago, perhaps with alien help. 2737 BC Pharmacopoeia of Shen Neng, the first recorded use of cannabis for medical use. Shen Neng prescribed marijuana tea for the treatment of ailments and is referred to as a “superior” herb. 2700 BC A Shaman is buried with cannabis in the Gobi Desert. Argued to be the earliest proof of cannabis for psychoactive use. 2000 BC I n Egypt, cannabis is used to treat sore eyes. 1972 National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse – Appendix, Chapter One, Part I 1600 BC Medical marijuana referenced in Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman Writings. According to the Hebrew University 1500 BC Scythians cultivation of cannabis. They invent the scythe for harvesting cannabis. 1450 BC God gives Moses instructions on making the Holy Anointing Oil Exodus 30:23 containing 6 pounds of cannabis 1400 BC Cultural and religious use of cannabis, and charas or hashish used by Hindus in India 1200 BC Hindu sacred text Arthava-Veda names Cannabis “Sacred Grass” one of the five sacred plants of India. Cannabis is used medicinally and ritually as an offering to Shiva in India. 1000 BC Bhang, a cannabis preparation (a drink, generally mixed with milk) is used in India to treat a wide variety of human illnesses. 700 BC A 2,700-year-old man buried with 2 pounds of Sincemilia marijuana stash. Discovered 2011 in Turpan, China. Scythian tribes leave cannabis seeds as offerings in royal tombs. 621 BC Cannabis suppressed in the Hebrew temples under King Josiah 600 BC Zoroaster, the Persian prophet, lists cannabis is #1 of 10,000 medicinal plants in his book Zend-Avesta. Zend-Avesta speaks of cannabis having intoxicating resin. Zarathustra, refers to bhang as “good narcotic” (Vendidad or The Law Against Demons) 500 BC Gautama Buddha said to have survived by eating hempseed and rice. Assyrians and the Babylonians, using Cannabis in their temple incense Scythians spread cannabis through Europe 400 BC Evidence of cannabis smoking in Mongolia 450 BC Herodotus records Scythians and Thracians as consuming cannabis and making fine linens of hemp. Herodotus reports on both ritual and recreation use of Cannabis by the Scythians Herodotus describes the Scythians of central Asia throwing hemp onto heated stones under canvas: ‘as it burns, it smokes like incense and the smell of it makes them drunk’. Carthage and Rome struggle for political and commercial power over hemp and spice trade routes 100 BC Chinese make paper from hemp. 1-BC to 1000 AD 45 AD St Mark establishes the Ethiopian Coptic Church. Some claim that marijuana as a sacrament has a lineage descending from the Essenes, who are considered to be responsible for the Dead Sea Scrolls. 70 AD Physician Penadius Dioscorides wrote about the medical properties of cannabis in “De Materia Medica”. 80 AD Cultivation of cannabis hemp becomes common in the Roman Empire 100 AD Pliny reports of cannabis industrial uses and wrote a manual on it’s cultivation 200 AD A Chinese physician, Hoa-Tho, prescribes cannabis as an analgesic in surgical procedures. 400 AD Cannabis cultivation reaches Britian 500 AD First botanical drawings of cannabis The Jewish Talmud mentions the euphoriant properties of Cannabis. (Abel 1980) 680 AD Cannabis use spreads across the middle east with the expansion of Islamic faith. 800 AD Mohammed allows cannabis but forbids the use of alcohol 1000 AD The recreational use of hashish well documented in the Arabic world. 1001 AD to 1799 1090 AD Nizari Imaili sect of the Shiite schism of the Islamic religion was founded, later to be known as the Hashshashin. 1150 AD Moslems start Europe’s first paper mill using hemp. Paper is made from hemp for next 750 years, including Bibles. 1155 AD Religious Cannabis used in Persia by Haydar, founder of the Sufi Hyderi sect. Haydar is buried in Cannabis leaves. 1200 AD During the Crusades, the Hashshashin was attributed to hashish use – hashish got a bad reputation. 1256 The Hashshasin sect is broken up when Persia is conquered by the Mongols. 1271 AD Marco Polo wrote about the Old Man of the Mountains in Persia. The story of the Hashshashin, (Assassins), known for their consumption of hashish and ruthless cruelty. 1378 AD Ottoman Emir Soudoun Scheikhouni issues one of the first edicts against the eating of hashish. 1400 AD Cannabis Hemp flowers used a folk medicine in Europe. 1456 AD Johan Gutenberg prints the Bible on cannabis hemp paper. 1484 AD Under Inquisitor Pope Innocent VIII Persecution of so called witches began in Europe. Cannabis was demonized as being used in witchcraft. Malleus Maleficarum (‘The Witches Hammer’) was used as a guide to inquisitors. Pope Innocent VIII labels cannabis as an “unholy sacrament of the Satanic mass” and issues a papal ban on cannabis medicines. 1492 AD Cannabis first brought to North America by Columbus. 1533 AD King Henry VIII issues a royal proclamation imposing a fine on farmers not using some of the land for hemp production. The navy required large amounts of hemp. 1549 Angolan slaves bring cannabis to the sugar plantations in Brazil. 1538 AD English botanist William Turner praised cannabis hemp as a medicine in his book “New Herbal”. 1554 AD The Spanish grow hemp in Peru. 1563 AD English Queen Elizabeth I requires land owners with over 60 acres to grow hemp or be fined 5 pounds. 1564 AD King Philip of Spain orders hemp grown throughout his empire 1606 First experimental planting of hemp in Canada by Louis Herbert, founder of Quebec. 1619 1619: First law in America concerning Indian hemp (Cannabis indica). Growing cannabis becomes mandatory in Virginia requiring every farmer to grow hemp. Hemp was allowed to be exchanged as legal tender in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland. Explorers find “wilde hempe” in North America in 1619 1621 The book, “Anatomy of Melancholy”, by English clergyman Robert Burton claims cannabis is a treatment for depression. 1631 Hemp used as money throughout American colonies. 1637 Hartford Connecticut Court orders all families plant one teaspoon of cannabis seeds. 1718 Irish spinners and weavers arrive in Boston, and with spun hemp gave birth to the American textile industry. 1763 New English Dictionary says cannabis root applied to skin eases inflammation. 1770 Hashish becomes a major trade item between Central Asia and South Asia. 1776 Declaration of Independence drafted on hemp paper. 1783 Cannabis reclassified into two main species, sativa and indica, by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. 1791 President Jefferson calls hemp a necessity and urges farmers to grow hemp instead of tobacco. 1794 George Washington writes, “Make the most of the Indian hemp seed, and sow it everywhere!”. 1800 to 1900 1800 Cotton gins make cotton fiber cheaper than hemp. 1809 Hashish production expands from Russian Turkestan into Yarkand in Chinese Turkestan. Antoine Sylvestre de Sacy, reveals the etymology of the words “assassin” and “hashishin” 1830’s Rapid increase in hemp machinery production during this decade 1839 First modern English medical article on cannabis written by William O’Shaughnessy, while working in the service of the British in India Homeopathy journal ‘American Provers Union’ publishes first report on effects of cannabis. 1840 Cannabis tinctures, medicinal preparations, and opium were available in most pharmacies in America Work of physicians O’Shaughnessy, Aubert-Roche, and Moreau de Tours draw wide attention to cannabis. Abraham Lincoln on prohibition “Prohibition goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control mans’ appetite through legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not even crimes A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our Government was founded” 1841 Dr. O’Shaughnessy, writes “On the Preparation of the Indian Hemp or Ganja” introduces cannabis to western science. 1842 O’Shaughnessy reports that tetanus could be arrested and cured when treated with extra large doses of cannabis. Work of physicians O’Shaughnessy, Aubert-Roche, and Moreau de Tours draw wide attention to cannabis. 1843 Le Club des Hachichins, or Hashish Eater’s Club, established in Paris. 1854 “The US Dispensary of 1854 lists cannabis compounds as suggested remedies for a multitude of medical problems 1845 Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours documents physical and mental benefits of cannabis. 1847 Founding of AMA at Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (Founder is Nathan Davis) 1849 Chinese bring opium smoking to America with the California Gold Rush 1850 “Medical use of cannabis declines as other medications come into wide use.” US census of 1850 records 8,327 cannabis plantations of over 2,000 acres each. 1854 Bayard Taylor essay “Visions of Hashish”. 1856 British tax ganja and charas trade in India. 1857 Fitz Hugh Ludlow publishes “The Hasheesh Eater” which made hashish to be considered more dangerous and addictive than opium. Smith Brothers of Edinburgh market cannabis indica extracts. John Bell, MD, Boston, reports on the effects of cannabis in control of mental and emotional disorders 1858 Moreau de Tours reports several case histories of manic and depressive disorders treated with hashish. 1860 First governmental commission study of cannabis and hashish, The Committee on Cannabis Indica of the Ohio State Medical Society. It catalogues medical conditions for which cannabis is beneficial including: chronic bronchitis, muscular spasms, epilepsy, infantile convulsions, palsy, uterine hemorrhage, dysmenorrhea, hysteria, neuralgia, nervous rheumatism, mania, whooping cough, asthma, alcohol withdrawal and loss of appetite. 1865 The demand for hemp decreases. After the Civil war, cotton becomes more valuable as export 1868 The Emir of Egypt makes the possession of cannabis a capital offence. The Pharmacy Act in the US declares pharmacists and chemists to be the overseers of drugs. Kimmens writes “Tales of Hashish” 1870 Cannabis listed in US Pharmacopoeia as a medicine. 1870 First reports of hashish smoking in Greece South Africa passes a law forbidding the smoking, use or possession of cannabis hemp by Indian workers. 1876 Hashish served at American Centennial Exposition. 1877 Kerr reports on Indian ganja (Cannabis) and charas (Hashish) trade. The Sultan of Turkey makes cannabis illegal 1883 Hashish smoking parlors become popular in every major U.S. In 1883 there are 500 such parlors in New York City alone. 1890 Greek Department of Interior prohibits importation, cultivation and use of hashish. Hashish made illegal in Turkey. 1893 70,000 to 80,000 kg of hashish legally imported into India from Central Asia annually. 1893-1894 The India Hemp Drugs Commission issues a 3500 page report on cannabis. In summary cannabis produced virtually no evils, and if the governor wanted to restrict its use, the best way to do so would be by taxation. The Commission reports the use of cannabis as an analgesic, a restorer of energy, a hemostat, an ecbolic, an anti-diarrhetic, as an aid in treating hay fever, cholera, dysentery, gonorrhea, diabetes, impotence, urinary incontinence, testicular swelling, and other ailments. 1895 First known use of the name “marijuana” for cannabis, by Pancho Villa’s supporters in Sonora, Mexico. 1898 Sir William Osler, professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins, stated in his 1898 discussion of migraine headaches that marijuana “is probably the most satisfactory remedy” for that condition. 1900 – 1950 1906 The Pure Food and Drug Act required that certain special drugs, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. 1910 US is introduced to recreational use of cannabis. After the Mexican Revolution, Mexicans immigrating to the United States brought cannabis smoking with them and introduce the American public to recreational cannabis use. African-American “reefer” use reported in Jazz Clubs in New Orleans, said to be influencing white people. Newspaper tycoon Randolph Hearst has 800,000 acres of prime Mexican Timberland seized from him by Villa and his men. Mexicans smoking marijuana in Texas. 1911 South Africa bans cannabis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts becomes first state to ban cannabis in the United States Hindus reported to be using ganja in San Francisco. 1912 Hague Conference; second international meeting on drugs. 46 nations discuss opium, morphine, cocaine, heroin and cannabis. Required parties to confine the manufacture, sale and use of opium, heroin, morphine and cocaine to medical and legitimate purposes. Cannabis is not included. “Essay on Hasheesh” by Victor Rolson. Possibility of putting controls on hashish use raised. First suggestions that cannabis should be banned internationally, at the First Opium Conference. 1914 The Harrison Narcotic Act prohibited possession of narcotics unless properly prescribed by a physician, in the US 1915 Utah & California outlaw cannabis 1916 Expansion of hemp to replace uses of timber by industry called for by USDA Bulletin 404 1919 Texas outlaws cannabis. 1920 Alcohol is prohibited throughout the USA, by the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. DuPont experiments with petrochemicals. 1923 South African delegate at League of Nations calls for international controls on cannabis, claiming that it makes mine workers less active. Britain insists on further research. Nevada, Oregon and Washington outlaw cannabis without a prescription. Opium and Drug Act of 1923. Canada criminalized the use of marijuana as part of the, before the use of the drug had been reported in that country. 1924 Second International Opiates conference. Egyptian delegate claims serious problems are associated with hashish use and calls for immediate international controls. Sub-committee listens to Egypt and Turkey. Cannabis declared a narcotic. Louisiana outlaws cannabis use without a prescription Cannabis Ruderalis identified by Lamarck. 1925 International Opium Convention Bans the use of Indian hemp except for authorized medical and scientific purposes 1926 Lebanese hashish production prohibited in 1926. 1927 New York outlaws cannabis without a prescription. Colorado and Montana outlaw marijuana without a prescription 1928 UK Dangerous Drugs Act becomes law and makes cannabis illegal. 1930 Creation of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) later to become the DEA. Anslinger appointed the first Commissioner of the FBN and remained in that post until 1962. Marijuana possession outlawed in Panama CBD (Cannabidiol) in cannabis is identified 1930 Henry Ford makes his motor cars out of hemp with hemp paint and hemp fuel. Louis Armstrong arrested in Los Angeles for possession of cannabis in 1930. 1931 Interest in hemp soared with Henry Ford’s Hemp Car and of a new machine taking the amount of time to harvest an acre of hemp down to 1-1.5 hours. Hemp paper explored. New machines invented to break hemp, process the fibre and convert the pulp or hurds into paper, plastics etc. 1932 Uniform State Narcotic Act; Concern about the rising use of marijuana creates pressure on the federal government to take action; the Federal Bureau of Narcotics encourages state governments to adopt the Uniform State Narcotic Act. 1933 Alcohol was re-legalized, and emphasis switched from alcohol to drug use. Thirty three states have cannabis laws in place, by 1933. 1934 Anslinger refers to “ginger-haired niggers” in FBI official circulars. 1934 Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act in due to the lack of restrictions in the Harrison Act of 1914. Initially, only nine states adopted the uniform state statute. 1935 President Roosevelt pushes support for the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act in a message on Columbia radio network in March 1935. Many more states signed on to the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act as result. Anslinger of the FBN, launches a nationwide media campaign declaring that marijuana causes temporary insanity, crime, suicide, murder, death. The advertisements The propaganda campaign was a success for the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act as all states signed on Chinese government moves to end all Cannabis cultivation and charas traffic in Yarkand Hashish production become illegal in Chinese Turkestan. 1936 “Reefer Madness” is produced by French director, Louis Gasnier; Marihuana (1936) AKA Marihuana: The Devil’s Weed is produced The Motion Pictures Association of America bans the showing of any narcotics in films. The Conference for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs. Addressed the criminality of trafficking. William Randolph Hearst’s newspaper empire fuels a tabloid journalism propaganda campaign against marijuana starting around 1936. Hearst run papers wrote articles about marijuana crazed Negroes raping white women and playing voodoo-satanic jazz music. 1937 forty-six of the forty-eight states as well as the District of Columbia had laws against marijuana. Marijuana Tax Act. The Act levied a tax of roughly one dollar on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The Act was based on the Machine Gun Transfer Act which made it illegal to pass on machine guns without a government stamp – there being no such stamps available. By applying this strategy to marijuana, Anslinger was able to effectively ban hemp without contravening constitutional rights. Calls flowering cannabis tops a narcotic. Declared unconstitutional in 1969 in U.S. Vs Timothy Leary. DuPont files patents for nylon, plastics and a new bleaching process for paper. 1938 The February edition of US magazine Popular Mechanics (written before the Marijuana Transfer Tax was passed) declares ‘Hemp – the New Billion Dollar Crop.’ 1939 to 1945 World War II, or the Second World War lasting from 1939 to 1945 1939 AD: LaGuardia Report started 1941 Cannabis dropped from the American Pharmacopoeia. Popular Mechanics Magazine reveal details of Henry Ford’s plastic car made using Cannabis and fuelled from Cannabis. Henry Ford continued to illegally grow Cannabis for some years after the Federal ban, hoping to become independent of the petroleum industry. 1941 President Franklin Roosevelt signs an executive order that allow for emergency hemp production for industrial uses during War World II 1942 U.S. Department of Agriculture launched its Hemp for Victory program. It encouraging farmers to plant hemp, gave out seeds, and granting draft deferments to those who would stay home and grow hemp. The Film “Hemp for Victory” is produced in 1942 by the USDA. All American farmers were required to see the film, sign a paper saying that they had viewed the film, and read a booklet on the matter. After the war the USDA and Library of Congress denied the creation or existence of such a film but copies were in existance. 1943 By 1943 American farmers registered in the USDA program harvested 375,000 acres of hemp. Medical products derived from cannabis were removed from the US Formulary and physicians could no longer prescribe it. 1944 La Guardia Report. New York Mayor LaGuardia’s Marijuana commission reports that Cannabis causes no violence at all and cites other positive results. Anslinger responds by denouncing LaGuardia and threatens doctors with prison sentences if they dare carry out independent research on Cannabis. 1945 As soon as the war concluded, the Roosevelt administration re-banned industrial hemp production, stopped subsidizing its production and teaching farmers how to cultivate it. Facing stiff federal penalties, industrial hemp farmers had to plow under their hemp crops and pharmacists had to have all cannabis-related medicines off of store shelves. 1945 Newsweek reports over 100,000 Americans use cannabis. Legal hashish consumption continues in India 1945-1955 Hashish use in Greece flourishes again. 1948 Robert Mitchum arrested for cannabis. 1948 Anslinger now says cannabis users are peaceful and that cannabis could be used during a communist invasion, to weaken American will to fight. 1948 United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949 The anti-cannabis propaganda film “Wild Weed” is produced (1949). Also known as “She Shoulda Said ‘No’!”. A chorus girl’s career is ruined and her brother is driven to suicide when she starts smoking marijuana. 1950 – 2000 1951 UN Bulletin of Narcotic Drugs states over 200 million cannabis users in the world. Congress passes the Boggs Act. Set mandatory sentences for drug-related offenses, including marijuana. 1955 Hemp farming outlawed again in US. 1956 Narcotics Control Act of 1956. The acts made a first time cannabis possession offense a minimum of two to ten years with a fine up to $20,000, 1961 The U.N. Treaty 406 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is signed. Seeks to to limit the possession, use, trade in, distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs exclusively to medical and scientific purposes. It Seeks to outlaw cannabis use and cannabis cultivation worldwide, and “eradicate cannabis smoking within 30 years.” The US representative is Anslinger. 1962 President Kennedy sacks Anslinger. Kennedy using cannabis as a pain relief. 1963 Kennedy assassinated. Raphael Mechoulam of the University of Tel Aviv isolates THC Delta-9, the active ingredient in cannabis Thelin Brothers open first US ‘Head Shop’. 1965 Allen Ginsberg convenes one of the first organized public protests against Cannabis Prohibition laws The effort later became the California-based reform organization, Amorphia. 1967 Home of Rolling Stone, Keith Richards is busted, uncovered marijuana. Richards and Mick Jagger were sentenced to prison for respectively three months and one year. The convictions were quashed on appeal. 3,000 people hold a ‘smoke-in’ in Hyde Park. Abbie Hoffman and the Yippies mail out 3000 joints to addresses chosen at random from the phonebook. SOMA Times Petition in the UK urges legalisation of cannabis. The Beatles sign it. 1968 Creation of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. This was a merger of FBN and the Bureau of Dangerous Drugs of the Food and Drug Administration. UK Government Wootton Report recommends cannabis possession should not be an offence. “Having reviewed all the material available to us we find ourselves in agreement with the conclusion reached by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission appointed by the Government of India (1893-94) and the New York Mayor’s Committee (1944 – LaGuardia) that the long-term consumption of cannabis in moderate doses has no harmful effects.” Campaign to stop US soldiers in Vietnam from taking cannabis – they switch to heroin. John Lennon arrested for cannabis possession. 1969 Amorphia is founded in Mill Valley, California. The group funds itself by selling popular rolling papers. James Callaghan, UK Labour Prime Minister, rejects the findings of the Wootton Report. George Harrison arrested for cannabis. Appellate court challenges to the 1937 ‘Reefer Madness’ anti-cannabis laws force the federal government to create a Controlled Substances Act and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1970. 1970 United States Congress repealed mandatory penalties for cannabis offenses Narcotics Control Act of 1956. Public interest attorney R. Keith Stroup founds the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) in Washington, D.C. USA Marijuana Tax Act declared unconstitutional. Oct 27 – The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is passed. Part II of this is the The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) becomes law. For the first time sets up a scheduling system for illicit and licit substances, classifying cannabis as a schedule I controlled substance with “a high potential for abuse and accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and not safe to use under medical supervision. The CSA called for a presidential commission to convene to examine cannabis policy, later to be known as the Shafer Commission. Social use of cannabis receives widespread acceptance despite illegality Policy of decriminalization sweeps across USA and Britain. LeDain Report (Canada) recommended that serious consideration be given to the legalization of personal possession of marijuana. It finds that cannabis use increases self-confidence, feelings of creativity and sensual awareness, facilitates concentration and self-acceptance, reduces tension, hostility and aggression and may produce psychological but not physical dependence. The report recommends that possession laws be repealed 1971 President Richard Nixon declares a “War on Drugs”. First political pro-reform conference, the First People’s Pot Conference, convened by NORML in Washington, D.C. UN Convention on Psychotopic Substances 1971 British Misuse of Drugs Act classifies cannabis as a Class B drug with stiff sentencing. This bans the medical use of cannabis, ignoring the Wootton Report. 1972 The Nixon-appointed Shafer Commission urged use of cannabis be re-legalized, but recommendation was ignored. US President Richard Nixon says ‘I am against legalising marijuana’. Baan Commission presents report to Dutch Minister of Health and suggests that cannabis trade below a quarter of a kilo ought to be considered as a misdemeanor. Amorphia merges into NORML. NORML files first ever lawsuit to re-schedule cannabis for medical use, under the Controlled Substance Act, NORML vs. The Shafer Commission recommends that cannabis should be decriminalized for personal use; and that personal cultivation be allowed along with small transfers for no profit (Nixon and US Congress reject recommendations). NORML takes the Shafer commission findings to all fifty states encouraging adoption of state decriminalization laws. 1973 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is formed. The DEA is tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the U.S. Nepal bans the Cannabis shops and charas (hand-rolled hash) export. Afghan government makes hashish production and sales illegal. In 1973, a psychiatrist who was all for the legalization of the use of marijuana for medical purposes was Tod Mikuriya MD. He approved marijuana for medical purposes for at least 9,000 patients. He revived the studies of medical marijuana and people began to look deeper into the subject. 1973 Oregon becomes the first state to pass cannabis decriminalization legislation UN Convention of Psychotropic Substances: cannabis is declared a narcotic. Heath conducts government-funded Rhesus monkey study at Tulane University, touted for years as evidence that marijuana causes brain damage. US Senate report on Marijuana-Hashish Epidemic and its Impact on US Security claims that cannabis use cause brain damage, a-motivation and genetic and reproductive defects Tom Forcade creates the magazine High Times. 1975 Hundreds of Doctors call on US Government to instigate further research on Cannabis. December 1, The Supreme Court ruled that it was “not cruel or unusual for Ohio to sentence someone to 20 years for having or selling cannabis. Supreme Court of Alaska declares that ‘right of privacy’ protects Cannabis possession in the home. Limit for public possession is set at one ounce. Jamaica Studies reveal good health amongst prolific cannabis users. “No impairment of physiological, sensory and perceptual performance, tests of concept formation, abstracting ability, and cognitive style, and tests of memory.” FDA establishes Compassionate Use program for medical marijuana in 1975 NORML helps Robert Randall of Washington, D.C. Become only legal medical cannabis patient in America at that time. 1976 The Ford Administration bans independent research and research by federal health programs on the use of natural cannabis derivatives for medicine. Holland adopts tolerant attitude to cannabis and many coffee shops and youth centers allowed to sell cannabis. USA New York Times (Jan 5) declares ‘Scientists find nothing really harmful about pot’. DuPont declares cannabis is less harmful than alcohol or tobacco and calls for its decriminalization. Robert Randal becomes first American to receive Cannabis from Federal supplies under a Investigational New Drug (IND) program. President Jimmy Carter endorses the Shafer Commission’s findings and sends a statement to Congress on August 3 asking them to decriminalize cannabis possession in America for adults. 1977 President Carter thinks cannabis should be legalised. The Australian (Baume Committee) recommends treating drug use as a social / medical rather than legal problem. Also that criminal sanction of possession of cannabis be replaced by fines while retaining penalties for possession of hashish, oil and purified THC. The New South Wales Joint Parliamentary Committee upon Drugs recommends eliminating criminal sanctions for personal use of cannabis, implementing bond and probation penalties for first offenders and expunging records upon successful completion of these punishments. Also suggest retaining penalties for trafficking in cannabis. 1980 Paul McCartney arrested for cannabis and spends 10 days in prison in Japan. Costa Rica study reports good health in cannabis users. President Reagan is elected to the White House (along with his wife Nancy’s anti-cannabis crusade) and ends the era of decriminalization Eleven states have decriminalized marijuana possession (AK, OR, CA, CO, NE, MN, MS, OH, NC, NY and ME). 1981 The Coptic Study claims ‘No harm to human brain or intelligence’ through cannabis use. 1982 An Analysis of Marijuana Policy, National Research Council of the National Academy of Science, concludes that prohibition is only preferable to a policy of complete prohibition of supply and use” 1983 The USA government (Reagan / Bush) orders American Universities to destroy all 1966-76 research work on cannabis. In the UK over 20,000 convictions for possession. 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act – Mandatory Sentences: President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, instituting mandatory sentences for drug-related crimes. A later amendment to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act established a three strikes and you’re out policy, requiring life sentences for repeat drug offenders UK Drug Trafficking Offences Act introduced to enable confiscation of assets from drug dealers 1987 AD The USA Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy says: “Cannabis can be used on an episodic but continual basis without evidence of social or psychic dysfunction. Moroccan government cracks down upon Cannabis cultivation in lower elevations of Rif Mountains 1988 1988 – DEA administrative law Judge finds after thorough hearings that marijuana has clearly established medical use and should be reclassified as a prescriptive drug. September 6, 1988: DEA chief administrative judge, Francis Young, rules the US government should allow the medicinal use of cannabis. He says “Marijuana in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substance known to man”. DEA rejects Young Report. His recommendation is ignored. The Reagan administration and Department of Justice appealed DEA administrative law judge Young’s ruling seeking to uphold a total ban on cannabis—even for sick, dying or sense-threatened medical patients whose physicians recommend cannabis as a safe and non-toxic therapeutic agent. 20 December: UN Convention against illicit traffic in narcotic and psychotropic substances, Vienna, includes cannabis In the UK 23,229 people arrested for cannabis offences. 1989 President George Bush declares a renewed war on drugs in a nationally televised speech. Creates the Office of National Drug Control. Marijuana is one of the drugs targeted. Shops selling smoking apparatus outlawed. Urine testing introduced. Worldwide prohibition entices organised crime to take control of the cannabis market and make huge profits Price – per – ounce cannabis worth more than gold. Secretary of State James A Baker reports global war on narcotic production is ‘clearly not being won’. Louis Medical University determines that the human brain has receptor sites for THC to which no other known compounds will bind. 1989 “ The AMA opposes legalization of the sale and possession of marijuana, and recommends that it be prohibited for public use and also supports the modification of state laws to reduce the severity of penalties for possession of marijuana. The AMA recommends that personal possession of insignificant amounts be considered a misdemeanor and advocates increased research into the effects of marijuana.” December 30, 1989: Drug Enforcement Agency Director John Lawn orders that cannabis remain on the Schedule One narcotics list, reserved for drugs which have no known medical use. 1990 Jack Herer, in his book ‘The Emperor Wears No Clothes’ offers $10,000 reward to anyone who can disprove his assertion that hemp can ‘save the planet’. Alaska recriminalizes cannabis possession USA voters pass regional measures to allow medicinal use of cannabis 1991 THC receptors found in the brain. UK 40,000 people arrested for cannabis. UK Judge Pickles advocates legalisation of drugs. 1992 US Investigational New Drug (IND) Program dropped. January 22, California Research Advisory Panel reports that prohibition has a more harmful effect on society and the individual than illegal drugs themselves. SA over 340,000 arrests for cannabis UK Government issue licenses to grow cannabis for industrial uses or scientific research USA President Clinton admits he smoked cannabis but did not inhale. Australia licenses hemp farm. Howard Marks admits that he smoked cannabis but never exhaled. 17 European Cities sign Frankfurt Charter agreeing to tolerate social use of cannabis. USA Jim Montgomery, a paraplegic who smoked cannabis to relieve muscle spasm, busted for two ounces of marijuana in Oklahoma, arrested and sentenced to life plus 16 years. 1993 Britain eases restrictions on hemp farming. Hempcore is first British company to get a license. Raymond Kendall, Head of Interpol, calls for decriminalisation of cannabis. British Law Lord, Lord Woolf calls for legalisation of cannabis German High Court in Kruhe rules that cannabis prohibition is unconstitutional. British Home Secretary Michael Howard declares ‘War on drugs’ and increases maximum fine for possession of cannabis to £2,500. Over 72,000 UK citizens arrested for cannabis offences Canada permits a hemp farm in Ontario province Cannabis eradication efforts resume in Morocco. 1994 California Governor Pete Wilson vetoes popularly passed medical cannabis from the state legislature. Border hashish still produced in Pakistan. NORML looses appeal NORML vs. The US District Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. Ruled in favor of the Drug Enforcement Administration. NORML chooses not to appeal to US Supreme Court. Germany becomes the first European country apart from Holland to decriminalize possession of ‘small quantities of cannabis for occasional use’ Association of Cannabis Therapeutics talks to Department Of Health about possibility of Legalising Cannabis for Medical use. Heavy fighting between rival Muslim clans continues to upset hashish trade in Afghanistan 1995 Holland lowers the amount one can possess without prosecution to 5 grams (from 30) as a result of powerful international pressures from neighboring countries. UK Home secretary Michael Howard increases penalties for cannabis offenses. European Cannabis Consumers’ Union founded in Amsterdam. Cannabis Buyers Club formed by Dan Perron to distribute cannabis to the sick. First CHIC (Cannabis Hemp Information Club) conference in London. British journal of the medical profession, The Lancet, states that “The smoking of cannabis, even long term, is not harmful to health”. European Council orders a study of drug legislation and practice in the Union. During the Clinton administration 1,451,000 people arrested for cannabis, 86% for possession only. Henrion Commission Report, the French Commission in charge of drug policy supports decriminalization of cannabis and calls for a two-year trial period of regulated retail trade in cannabis. The French Government reject these proposals. Introduction of hashish-making equipment and appearance of locally produced hashish in Amsterdam coffee shops. Lester Grinspoon, M.D. Stated in a June 1995 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, “urging doctors to reconsider marijuana, to take a lesson from their 19th century forbearers who used marijuana as a medicine, and to reconsider its usefulness in a modern light.” 1996 California and Arizona pass Propositions allowing the use of cannabis in the treatment of certain illnesses. California passes Proposition 215; it allows patients with AIDS, cancer and other diseases to use marijuana to alleviate pain. Clinton is re-elected and the FBI threaten Doctors with prosecution for prescribing marijuana as medicine. UK Liberal Democrats Party calls for a Royal Commission on cannabis. The Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence says: “All that can be said definitely is that 1) Cannabis use generally precedes the use of other illegal drugs. 2) Cannabis use does not necessarily (or even usually) lead to the use of other illicit drugs.” Lord McCluskey calls for consideration of decriminalization in UK. UK Janet Paraskeno, magistrate and director of National Youth Agency calls for ‘legalization and not decriminalization’. The Parliament of Luxembourg calls for a program ‘of common measures for the liberalization of cannabis and its derivatives’ along with Belgium, the Netherlands, and the harmonisation of drug laws in Benelux countries. Ireland announces their plans to use cannabis as fuel to replace the use of the dwindling supplies of peat Dutch town council at Delfzij decides to sell cannabis through their own coffee shop. They name the shop ‘Paradox’. Profits used to provide information campaigns against ‘soft drugs’ in Dutch schools. The Canton of Zurich calls for legalisation of cannabis. The Dutch close many coffee shops, bowing to pressures from Germany and France Australia: Victoria State Council urge decriminalization of cannabis. UK Crown Prosecution Service dropping cases of possession and cultivation against some ill people (MS) as ‘not in the public interest to proceed’. A Swiss man, Zimmermann, is given a life sentence in the Maldives, for importing three cannabis seeds, found in his luggage as he flew in from India. Legalize Ganja Jamaica formed Scottish Nationalist conference votes to allow cultivation for personal use and research into medical uses of cannabis 1997 Study at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, concluded that long-term smokers of cannabis do not experience a greater annual decline in lung functions than non-smokers. The Kaiser Permanente Study (USA) – “Marijuana Use and Mortality” April 1997 American Journal of Public Health concludes “Relatively few adverse clinical effects from the chronic use of marijuana have been documented in humans. However, the criminalization of marijuana use may itself be a health hazard, since it may expose the users to violence and criminal activity.” A court in Texas, USA, sentences medical marijuana user, William J. Foster to 93 years imprisonment for cultivation of one plant. Two Swiss Cantons decide to legalize possession of cannabis in small amounts and ask the national Government to do the same. German State of Schlewig-Holstein legalize possession of up to 5 grams of cannabis. Zimmermann freed after appeals for clemency from the Swiss Government and letters from CLCIA supporters, the Maldives releases Zimmermann, the man given life for three seeds. USA a $2 million study to prove cannabis smoking can cause cancer fails and announces that it does not. McCaffrey, Director of National Drug Control Policy, resists the medical supply or cannabis in California and Arizona, threatening to prosecute Doctor’s who prescribe it. The UK elects a new Labour Government. Prime Minister, Tony Blair, says he will not legalize cannabis. USA marines use helicopters to destroy marijuana crops in Hawaii despite objections from the people. The British Medical Association (BMA) recommends the provision of medicinal cannabis in the UK. New South Wales then decriminalizes possession of cannabis – up to 5 plants, 30 grams of leaf, 3 grams of resin and 2 grams of oil. Paul McCartney, ex-Beatle, reconfirms his call to decriminalise cannabis. DEA formally asks the Department of Health and Human Services to conduct “a scientific and medical evaluation of the available data and provide a scheduling recommendation” for marijuana and other cannabinoid drugs. 1998 1998 Oregon passes the Medical Marijuana Act, allowing doctors to prescribe small amounts of marijuana to patients with debilitating medical conditions. Alaska, Oregon, Washington and Arizona pass medical cannabis laws and patient protections 1999 Maine voters approved a medical cannabis initiative. After 2000 2000 Colorado voters pass Amendment 20, the Medical Use of Marijuana Act, allowing “qualified patients” to buy, possess or grow marijuana. Hawaii legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. Nevada voters approved medical cannabis initiatives. 2001 The AMA’s Council on Scientific Affairs report “Until such time as rapid-onset cannabinoid [marijuana] formulations are clinically available, our AMA affirms the appropriateness of compassionate use of marijuana and related cannabinoids in carefully controlled programs designed to provide symptomatic relief of nausea, vomiting, cachexia, anorexia, spasticity, acute or chronic pain, or other palliative effects. Such compassionate use is appropriate when other approved medications provide inadequate relief or are not tolerated, and the protocols provide for physician oversight and a mechanism to assess treatment effectiveness.” May 14 – United States vs. Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Coop. United States Supreme Court ruled that federal anti-drug laws do not permit an exception for medical cannabis because Congress concluded cannabis has “no currently accepted medical use” when the act was passed in 1970. 2001- June 14 – Canada announces Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR) Makes marijuana legal with doctors recommendations 2003 California– Senate Bill 420, a compromise which created guidelines for patients and the law enforcement which regards to how much marijuana patients may possess and cultivate without being arrested under the penalty of law in California. A patient is allowed 6 mature or 12 immature plants and restricted to only ½ a pound of marijuana. 2004 Cannabis reclassified to a Class C drug in the UK. Montana voters approved a medical cannabis initiative. Vermont’s legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. 2005 Gonzales vs. Raich (previously Ashcroft vs. Raich), 545 U.S. 1 United States Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution allowed the federal government to ban the use of cannabis, including medical use. The court found the federal law valid, although the cannabis in question had been grown and consumed within a single state, and had never entered interstate commerce. Congress may ban the use of cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes. 2006 Rhode Island legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. 2007 New Mexico legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. 2008 Michigan voters approve medical cannabis initiative. Massachusetts voters approve a cannabis decriminalization initiative. 2009 Nov 10: The AMA urges the US federal government to “review” marijuana’s status in Schedule I vs. “retain” it in Schedule I as the AMA had formerly recommended. The new policy stated: “Our AMA urges that marijuana’s status as a federal Schedule I controlled substance be reviewed with the goal of facilitating the conduct of clinical research and development of cannabinoid-based medicines, and alternate delivery methods. This should not be viewed as an endorsement of state-based medical cannabis programs, the legalization of marijuana, or that scientific evidence on the therapeutic use of cannabis meets the current standards for a prescription drug product.” 2009: Cannabis reclassified back to a Class B drug in the UK 2010 New Jersey legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. Arizona voters approve medical cannabis initiative for the third time since 1996 District of Columbia City Council passed medical cannabis legislation. Voters in California narrowly defeat a cannabis legalization initiative, 53%-47%. 2011 April 12 – Ontario, Canada Superor Court strikes down marijuana laws and gives Canadian 90 days to fix chapter issues R. Mernagh the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Delaware legislature passed medical cannabis legislation. Connecticut legislature passed cannabis decriminalization legislation. June 23, cannabis legalization bill introduced into the US Congress. ![]() Fatih Syuhud versi digital (pdf): • Untuk pemesanan versi cetak dapat dilakukan via email: [email protected] Website resmi: • ( English) • (bahasa Indonesia) • (Arabi). Media Sosial: • Twitter: @fatihsyuhud • • • • Beli buku A. Fatih Syuhud versi digital (pdf): • Untuk pemesanan versi cetak dapat dilakukan via email: [email protected] Website resmi: • ( English) • (bahasa Indonesia) • (Arabi). Jurnalistik online adalah jurnalistik generasi baru seiring kemu. (reader, user. Dan memahami dasar-dasar HTML seperti pembuatan hyperlink dalam. ![]() |
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